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OVER THE HILL – April 2006
A few recent happenings reminded me that there is nothing better than sharp eyes (backed up by a decent brain, of course) when it comes to the world of plants. The recent recognition of Pseudowintera insperata from Northland (yet another from that treasure trove) is a classic tale of how a species can be not quite one thing, not quite another and, like a chameleon, can masquerade as both. The Tararua Range’s own Myrsine played similar tricks until it too was uncovered, though in this case it only hid behind one of its relatives. One of the most valuable things about the BotSoc field trip was always that long line of plants to be looked over at lunchtime or the end of the day, often backed up with some pretty sharp questions about why it was this, and not that, particular entity. There might be any number of new and precise ways to back up a theory about whether an entity is one thing or another, but in the world of plants it is usually the eyes that have it, at least in the beginning.
A few days back one of the folk at work came in with an “I thought I saw … ” after a visit to the Pukaha plants to see how their fruit set was coming on – in this case it was indeed some new plants, a few metres away from the known ones, but still in an area that had been well picked over in the past couple of years, and thanks to the wonders of technology, my initial questions about it were answered with “I’ve got a photo of it here” as Tom whipped out his phone and flipped up a perfect close up of a Dactylanthus flower head poking out of some leaf litter, its rhizome still buried out of sight.
Tawa is in heavy fruit at the moment, and as I have been finding out occasionally, is yet another thing on the forest floor that can easily enough be mistaken for Dactylanthus, but I still look, and keep looking!
And in much the same way Alepis flavida made a reappearance close to sixty years after Tony Druce collected the first (and only) specimen from the eastern Wairarapa. BotSoc made a special trip to the general area some years back on what must easily have been the hottest day of the decade, but Alepis was nowhere to be seen. It now must surely rate the Wairarapa as the mistletoe capital of the country! (Alepis, Ileostylis, Tupeia, two species of Peraxilla and three species of Korthalsella can all be found over here.)
Finally, congratulations to Clive Paton, whose Waihora covenant was home to a recent weekend for BotSoc, on winning the Supreme Award at this year’s Ballance Farm Environment Awards. The protection and pest control that Clive, his neighbouring landowners and Greater Wellington Regional Council have initiated at Waihora is happily not an isolated case and is becoming more and more the norm as the bark of the possum is stilled over larger and larger tracts of land, to be replaced by the chortle of the tui.
Tony Silbery
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OVER THE HILL – December 2005
The passing this week of David Given almost inevitably led me back to a day in 1981 when I first saw his “Rare and Endangered Plants of New Zealand” in a Lower Hutt bookshop. There aren’t that many days that you can look back this many years after the event and say that it was truly something that affected your life from that day forward. Reading David’s book put into a new perspective not only the plight of much of the flora, but also its true sweep and breadth.
Although the book dealt with the rare elements of the flora, such was the writing style and the clarity of the descriptions that the whole of the flora from coast to the high mountains came alive, and the stories told of individual plants made them leap off the page.
Many of the plants in the book became special friends of mine when I was able to have the privilege of propagating and planting them in the Hutt, and later a few have been part of my life over in the Wairarapa.
Also recently departed is Tom Moss, an astonishingly keen-eyed man who could spot the tiniest and seemingly most obscure plants in the most out-of-the-way places. His discovery of Fissidens berteroi under a road bridge while investigating a swallow’s nest is the stuff of legend (recently emulated by Peter de Lange’s discovery of the same species in an eel tank in Auckland), but I vividly remember a trip to the Pencarow Lakes where he unravelled the mysteries of the underwater flora.
His work on the flora of Lake Wairarapa and its associated wetlands (undertaken mostly on bike and foot) has provided a valuable benchmark for the restoration of this highly modified part of the country.
It is probably fitting that Tom features in David’s book, sitting high above Titahi Bay, close to Leptinella nana ’yet another tiny thing that few could even see, let alone recognise, and part of the legacy of both men is that work to preserve this species is continuing here.
To quote from David’s book “They evolved and colonised without our assistance and are an irreplaceable part of our national heritage. But whether they become a vanishing heritage or survive and prosper is in our hands.”
David Given and Tom Moss have both done their part to help the flora prosper and have left New Zealand’s plants the better for their presence.
Tony Silbery
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OVER THE HILL – September 2005
It has been a bit of a heads-in-the-trees and under the ground at the same time over this side recently – I’ve shifted base once again to the National Wildlife Centre, so maybe I’m over a couple of hills now.
Kiwi eggs are under the ground in the Wairarapa for the first time in many a decade as two of the males shifted into Pukaha take on their roles as prospective parents.
Both these birds have been sitting on fertile eggs, and though one was shifted into the incubator at the National Wildlife Centre for hatching, this didn’t deter the male who not only continued sitting in the same burrow that has been his only home for the last 4 months, he also convinced the female to lay another egg. We will candle this one in another couple of weeks to see if it is fertile.
In a rare display of bird co-operation, both these nests are within a few minutes walk of the National Wildlife Centre buildings and this makes monitoring a breeze – along with the fact that both males habitually leave the nests early in the evening. No waiting until the early hours of the morning and walking halfway up a hill to check the nests; if the bird is having a lie in then it’s a matter of a quiet coffee back at work until he leaves.
The other avian focus is a different story. Members of the Hutt Valley Tramping Club visited the other weekend and conducted a survey of the resident kokako population. These birds have set up home about as far away as they can get, right in the heart of the forest, near the summit, a place some BotSoc members can remember from the visit a few years back, long before the fabled blue crow took up residence. We split into three groups to survey different parts, and the birds were almost totally unco-operative. The best sighting was a report of a flash of a red leg band as two birds were attracted to the recorded calls and left almost as quickly. Others in the survey managed to hear some soft calls, or get a glimpse of the shape of a kokako moving in the trees, but none of those long songs or 15 minute observations that we were all hoping to see and hear.
No worries, though, there was enough information gathered to confirm three territories and indicated the probability of a fourth, and maybe even the possibility of a fifth, certainly a good place to start this summer’s work in a few weeks.
Meanwhile the forest continues to go from strength to strength. After a couple of years intense pest control the amount of fruit produced is astonishing. Porokaiwhiri (Pigeonwood) are glowing orange, as are the karamu and as you’d expect the birds are having a field day. Flocks of 20 kereru are now common and for the first time I saw a small flock of korimako (bellbird).
Kaka are making a habit of fossicking on the ground hunting for old supplejack seeds (and Lord knows, there’s enough supplejack there to keep them fed for decades) – to the point where I’m starting to think that much of what I thought were blackbird scratchings may well have been made by kaka – they are also doing a fine job of dismantling some dead Lawson’s cypress!
Goat numbers have also been hugely reduced – the only ones seen recently have been the Judas goats with bright orange radio collars, and again the response from the plants has been amazing. Little grassy clearings that the goats had kept open for years are now becoming thickets of Coprosma rhamnoides, while in the forest the understorey just gets thicker and thicker. A recent find that caused a lot of interest was a single plant of Brachyglottis kirkii growing on the ground near the summit. This was the first record of the species on Mount Bruce, though it is probably safe to say that the parents of this one can be found high in one of the tall trees.
Further afield, the recently described Myrsine umbricola continues to pop up in the high altitude silver beech forest. Most records are from the eastern side of Mount Holdsworth, above Pig Flat, so if anyone is about there this spring it is worth keeping an eye open for this – also have a look for both M. divaricata and hybrids in the same general area and it becomes a little easier to understand how this species managed to grow beside such a well used track, yet remain anonymous for years.
And while on the subject of things that manage to stay quietly anonymous, Dactylanthus taylori is a plant well worth hunting from time to time – it has to be around; all it takes is the right person in the right place and a smidgen of luck.
Tony Silbery
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OVER THE HILL – April 2005
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Cobaea scandens / cathedral bells. |
Once again the value of even a halfway decent fence was brought home after a visit to a patch of bush near Alfredton. The owner in this case put in a two-wire electric fence round a remnant that had been grazed for over 40 years.
Before the fence, when stock had full access, the understorey was completely devastated and the remnant was one of those “see through” patches where the trunks of the big trees stand bare against the soil.
The effects of stock access weren’t confined to the amount of vegetation that they were able to consume – the damage to the understorey and the forest floor opened up the vegetation and allowed a whole range of weeds to colonise, further weakening the remnant.
Twenty-five years on the effects have been spectacular. The once bare forest floor now supports a wide range of seedlings, ferns and herbs, while the understorey has returned. The weeds are still there, but their hold on the remnant have been so weakened that they are only able to retain their places in the most well lit ridge crests, or where the stream had created the disturbance that weeds love.
Thanks to a couple of bits of wire and a regular dose of electricity, the decline of the vegetation over nearly half a century has not only been halted, it has been pretty well reversed.
BotSoc recently saw one such remnant at Lowes Bush – grazed for years and now fenced – but in this case the demise of the weeds is being given a helping hand with a long-term weed control project. Cobaea scandens and Lonicera japonica are just two of the interlopers that have been given a huge beating, and the ground that they once occupied can once again be colonised by native species.
Weeds can be a huge problem in forest remnants, but they can be beaten – sometimes it is as simple as stringing up a fence and then sitting back and watching the results. In other cases the severity of the problem and the value of the remnant is such that it is worthwhile putting in some extra effort to get then on their way in as short a space of time as possible.
The other thing that knocking out the weeds early does is to give the remnant some insurance against the things that nature can occasionally throw. Windstorms, drought and flood can all result in the death of canopy trees, and, if there is a source of weed seeds available, the natives can easily be outdone; before too long a once valuable bush patch starts to look decidedly tatty and second class.
Tony Silbery/p>
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OVER THE HILL – April 2004
It was a pleasure to get back to a BotSoc meeting the other Monday – some familiar faces, and some new. Arnold’s plants also brought that familiar ring of “I’ve seen you somewhere before” – but then maybe he was being kind and only brought in the easy ones!
Those kokako that I mentioned last time proved exceptional parents and fl edged two young in spite of the most outrageous weather swings I have ever experienced – days where the temperature was well over 30 degrees were followed by horrendously cold southerlies and when they stopped, the dreaded nor’wester kicked right in. Through it all the parents sat, incubated, fed and even had the dubious distinction of having a DOC scientist molest the nest and band the two youngsters. They get my vote as parents of the year.
On the plant front again the weather dominated – Lake Wairarapa was as full as it could possibly get and the Amphibromus site has spent another year underwater. Last time it was inundated for so long the grass came back at full power, thousands of them, but the water rose before they flowered, let alone set any seeds. It is my fervent hope that they will return with similar vigour when the water level drops next summer, and that we have a long and dry season so that the seed bank can have some replenishment. The upside is that many of the weeds on this site have also suffered.
After looking at many lake and river margins since the recent flooding, I’m again reminded of just how tough and resilient native plants are – anything that nature can throw at them they will take in their stride – it’s just the bits that us humans add to the mix that cause problems. As I prepared the talk which I gave to BotSoc on 19 April, I realised that even the simplest actions can help, and that even a little help can have long-term benefits.
Tony Silbery
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OVER THE HILL – Oct 2003
This winter has been the season of birds in the Wairarapa – but with a couple of plants thrown in for added spice.
Six kokako have so far (there are four more to come) made the long journey from Mangatutu at the northern end of the Rangitoto Range to the Mount Bruce forest, where they were released as part of a project to restore this remnant of the once mighty Seventy Mile Bush.
Nearly 3 months since the initial release, the birds have roamed over much of the forest as they explore their new home, but have tended to concentrate on the higher ridge system and, most importantly, have not tried to leave. Most days find the birds well inside the forest scrambling about in the canopy and gliding over the gullies, the latter usually when someone has just spent an hour crawling through thick supplejack in the hope of actually seeing them. The kokako are fitted with radio transmitters so that their movements and eventual establishing of territories can be followed – just as well, for otherwise they are virtually impossible to detect. In the months since their release there have only been a handful of sightings, but hundreds of telemetry signals have been plotted to give a record of their travels.
Predator control in the whole forest is underway, with possums trapped relentlessly over the winter and rat control about to begin to protect any kokako nests this summer.
In addition to rat traps and bait stations there is a huge network of stoat traps throughout the block to support a release of kiwi early this summer.
All this is serviced by a network of tracks and sidle lines, so the next BotSoc trip – and it has been probably five years or so since the last one – can go to places that in the dim and distant past were simply inaccessible.
All this focus has also led to plant finds at Mount Bruce. I had long wondered about the apparent absence of a couple of species that should be up there. Passiflora tetrandra I found one day in a light gap caused by the falling of a big rata near the top of a ridge, and now kiekie (Freycinetia baueriana) has also made itself known. Of more moment though is the discovery of Dactylanthus taylorii – found on one of the sidle tracks by a pair of sharp possum trappers. This is only the second site in the Wairarapa and opens up the whole of the forest as a potential site. BotSoc had an unsuccessful hunt for it during the last trip to Mount Bruce; maybe the next trip will turn up more of the elusive beast now that we know it is there. The same people are also looking for Dactylanthus in the Rimutaka Ranges during their usual goat hunting work, so I think it’s only a matter of time before it is found there, too.
And finally, next time you venture to the Tararuas, keep an eye open for a Myrsine in the silver beech belt just below the bushline – Peter Heenan at Landcare Research and Peter de Lange at DOC in Auckland are in the process of describing this entity and would love specimens from places other than Mount Holdsworth.
Tony Silbery
It is an offence to take plant specimens from conservation areas without a permit. – Ed.
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OVER THE HILL – December 2002
“It’s not going to be one of those things they write when someone dies.” Final instructions from a valued colleague before he left and, of course, after he found out that BotSoc wanted to mark his time in Wairarapa.
So, no, Aalbert – it’s not one of those, but you certainly left an imprint and a big set of footprints behind you. Maybe it’s the time for change – not only Aalbert Rebergen, well known for his work with DOC in Wairarapa and occasional guiding of BotSoc trips on this side of the hill, but Robyn Smith, equally well known for her amazing ability to coax life from the most reluctant of seeds, both striking out for fresh pastures – Aalbert off to Dunedin and the Otago Regional Council and Robyn a shorter distance, to Newtown and Wellington Zoo.
Both made huge advances in their time at DOC and Percy Reserve, respectively – Robyn could entice a fencepost to put out shoots, and the collection at Percy Reserve is a result of huge effort sustained over a long time.
Things such as Sebaea ovata, Celmisia philocremna and the Charleston Gentiana, that were thought difficult, sprang to life and vigour, and in many cases were produced in quantities sufficient for a return to the wild. For many plants the next step after discovery of a new population was getting material to Percy Reserve for Robyn to weave her magic, and when anyone wanted to see an example of even the most obscure species, the chances were that it was somewhere within reach in one of the glasshouses or in the garden. Many people got an introduction to the true breadth of the NZ flora with Robyn beside them and are the better for it.
Aalbert too was a grower of rare talent: pot after pot in his backyard and many hundreds of rare species on the hillside at Tinui bear testament to that. But for most of us it was in the field that we got to see him in his element. He is a great binocular botanist who could spot an Olearia gardneri at 50 paces through heavy bush (and did on a couple of occasions), has a wealth of knowledge about native fish and was Lake Wairarapa’s best mate.
I’ve had great days with both of them and trust that there are more to come – but the day that Aalbert and I came across Coprosma obconica, Olearia gardneri, Coprosma pedicellata and Pittosporum obcordatum has to stand out – not so much for the finds themselves, amazing as they were – but later in the afternoon, back at the office in the middle of a meeting whose contents are long forgotten, there was Aalbert miles away with a grin, still enjoying one of those rare days where every terrace and slope held a new discovery.
As expected, his first field trip turned up new Otago records for a couple of threatened species and he was quick to report Ileostylus micranthus growing on a neighbouring property.
All the best you two, keep in touch, and thanks for everything.
Tony Silbery
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OVER THE HILL – September 2002
Finding new locations for plants is, often as not, just a matter of putting a piece in a jigsaw it takes a bit of doing at the time, but in hindsight, it was all perfectly obvious and quite easy! Mind you, a few pointers do help.
Among many other gems, the 1976 Wellington Botanical Society Bulletin has the following from Tony Druce: “A point worth mentioning is that one does not go into an area as a passive observer just noting down what one happens to see. At the back of one’s mind there is a vague New Zealand Flora, a set of possibilities, and one can actively search for plants that should be there.”
As only the best advice can, it becomes ingrained and many have heard me mutter over the years that something or other might or should be growing somewhere around here, if only we could come across it. Sometimes the key is experience with a particular plant, its habitat and associates so that, for example, the slender branches sprouting from a Collospermum high up in a rimu can readily be identified as Pittosporum cornifolium, and the binoculars come out only for confirmation.
On some occasions, knowledge of habitat can make up for a lack of experience with the plant, as happened a short time ago in a small remnant of eastern Wairarapa podocarp forest. I had just crossed to a gentle ridge when the thought came that this looked like just the sort of place to find Dactylanthus taylorii, so it was eyes down and within five minutes or so I was sitting beside the latest addition to the Wairarapa flora. A search over the area near the first plant revealed ten plants in total, with more of the remnant left to search later in the year. Finding this plant so far north and east of the closest historical record at Kaitoke also means that there is now every likelihood that it will turn up in other places.
Another recent find was predicted by Colin Ogle in the New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter (No. 40, 1995), and also perfectly illustrates another point made by Tony Druce in the 1976 writing when he also said: “And even if species X does not show itself, well one can always use a little serendipity, and maybe species Y will be there instead.”
Those who have been to Paengaroa Reserve, near Taihape, will be well aware of the divaricate flora of the river flat, and also that many of the same species also grow in the eastern Wairarapa. Among the rarest is Olearia gardnerii, and it was during a search for this that Coprosma obconica made its appearance. In hindsight, the two grow together at Taihape, so there was no reason that they should not do so in the Wairarapa, and that is exactly how it turned out. All we need now is another good location for Olearia gardnerii to test the theory! In this case X + Y certainly equalled happiness.
So, if your knowledge of the species, its habits, associates and ecology doesn’t rule it out from the place you are going through, then it’s always worth doing just a bit more than keeping an eye open for it.
Tony Silbery
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OVER THE HILL - May 2002
The last few months have seen me all over the place from one end of the Wairarapa to the other, more than enough to remind me, if I ever needed reminding, what an amazing place it can be and to provide a heap of highlights
From the south coast, where the Notoreas moth lives among the Pimelea plants of Ocean Beach, and the Raoulia mats hold together in the face of huge storms, to the open tops, where the raoulia’s upland cousin endures even more frequent storms, and through the forests between, it has certainly been a summer where the more I saw, the more I was encouraged to keep looking.
One surprising sight in silver beech forest, not far from the treeline, was an epiphytic Aciphylla – A. “tararua” seed had wedged in a crevice just where the first branch left the trunk and a healthy plant sprouted. No sign of flower, but I guess if epiphytic orchids can live on the ground, terrestrial plants may occasionally reciprocate.
A much rarer sight was Ourisia colensoi, only a fleeting glimpse in two streams high in the Tararua Range, where the hairy rosettes attracted the eye and then baffled the brain.
High-altitude bogs, not far below the treeline again, covered with a low growth of toatoa, moss and cut by surprisingly steep streams provide a relief from the otherwise unending beech forest, until, lower down, rimu and rata begin to appear and a walker can either relax after a climb, or gather breath before another hill. There’s not much flat ground in there!
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Mazus novae-zelandiae was recently found near Masterton. Photo: Jeremy Rolfe. |
In the headwaters of the Ruamahunga River a small immigrant from the west was recently spotted. Sika deer have long been established on the western side of the ranges and this year saw the first confirmation that they had crossed into the eastern Tararua.
Away from the Tararuas, some things are rarer. Rata for example has winged its way to Auckland University to assist on their research to see if the few plants from the southern and eastern Wairarapa are different from those in the Tararua Range. Until last year only a handful of northern rata were known from the Aorangi Range. Now there are a handful plus a few hundred as a result of a find on a ridge not far south of Martinborough.
Further north, Coprosma pedicellata has continued to appear. Now that we know what to look for, this once enigmatic species has proved surprisingly easy to track down. As Tony Druce said, “when your eye is in, it’s easy enough.”
And where one rare plant grows, there are often others, so to finish this round up of great moments, a site near Masterton gave good cause for celebration – in the space of two days it yielded Coprosma pedicellata, Pittosporum obcordatum, Mazus novae-zelandiae, Korthalsella lindsayii (on a new host for the Wairarapa), Anemanthele lessoniana, Acaena juvenca, Adiantum diaphanum and Microlaena polynoda along with the finds of the year to date – Coprosma obconica, a plant long looked for in the Wairarapa and Olearia gardnerii, taking the Wairarapa total from 5 to 20 known specimens in a week.
And the sun did shine, occasionally!
Tony Silbery
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OVER THE HILL – December 2001
After a few years of exploring the vascular plants, this time it was the turn of the mosses and liverworts to take the stage as the John Child Bryophyte workshop settled into the Wairarapa for the annual foray.
In the spirit of “getting the plants just right,” it rained solidly during the days beforehand. It would, after all, have been less than polite to have had to show distinguished and long-travelling guests scraps of shrivelled, wizened brown stuff, all the while declaring that “it really is alive, just a bit dry”. Shades of Monty Python and the parrot. It could easily have been so; we had almost no rain at all in August and September, so things were looking decidedly grim for the plants with summer around the corner, and then, as we all know, it rained, and rained, and rained some more. Must have been the combined power of all the farming folk praying at the same time.
This didn’t do much for one of the highlights, the aquatic Fissidens berteroi, which was well below water level and muddy water at that, when the group stopped at one of the two known Wairarapa sites. Searches for this are planned for upstream of the known plants this summer.
Still, the rain did stop, eventually, and even at the well known soggy forest of Mount Bruce, it never got past a thick drizzle as the group gave the terrace podocarp forest as thorough a going-over as it has ever had.
The keen-eyed did stray into the vascular flora from time to time, recording the first Botrychium biforme for the western side of Mount Bruce, among other sidetracks.
I’m looking forward to the “Mosses of Mount Bruce” section of the checklist with considerable interest.
The itinerary had folk in some varied and interesting places, from Mount Bruce in the watery north, to Dry River, in the less watery southeast and along the Western Lake reserves, so plenty of country and a good group of brains adds considerably to our collective knowledge of the Wairarapa’s plants. It was good to meet people whom I’ve not seen for far too long!
The Pterostylis micromega discovered last year, is still thriving. In fact, this year there are three so far, all in the same spot as the one plant found a year ago.
Beech mistletoe in the Tararua Ranges are appreciating fewer possums and rewarding us with flowers on the known plants. Also, the first new plant has been spotted, from the air, during a search and rescue operation. Having found it, we now have to band the host tree and do the rescue side of the equation.
Finally, another search for more Pimelea tomentosa is planned for this summer. The only plant known, found on a BotSoc trip, has since died, which is hardly surprising as they are short-lived. We hope that this is as successful as many other searches for rare plants, though if not, there are always plants at Otari, as cuttings taken from the initial find have struck and are growing well.
Tony Silbery, Department of Conservation, Masterton
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OVER THE HILL – April 2001
In this case maybe it should be “Over the Hills“. The past few weeks have seen the boots go over more than a few ridges, and even into a few dark valleys.
I’ve had a chance to follow (probably literally) in Chris Horne’s footsteps, going through some of the fuchsia stands in the Tararua Ranges, with a small amount of time among the herbfields to sharpen the memory and wet the appetite. There is real mountain goat country occupied by these trees, some of the old slips that they have colonised are almost vertical and I know I finished fitter than I started.
Associated plants often included Jovellana repens on the bare wet rock near the streams and Blechnum nigrum under the forest canopy. Both of these are hardly ever encountered in the milder climes where I’ve spent most of my time, so it was a real pleasure to see them. Another Tararua entity that I’d not seen for years was the relative of hound’s tongue Microsorum novae-zelandiae, once described to me as a “great orange scaled beast, unlike anything else” and that’s a pretty good description. It makes an unforgettable sight growing on the mossy silver beech at higher elevations.
All three of the speargrasses, Aciphylla dissecta, A. colensoi and A. “Tararua” were on their best behaviour and didn’t draw even a small drop, but the Acaena was another story, and I think that the biodiversity of both the Wairarapa Plains and Wellington might have been enhanced by some of the huge amount of seeds that managed to stick to socks, jerseys and anything else. Maybe the Tararua ones are especially hardy, but it’s only on the Chatham Islands that I’ve ever seen such a furry covering of bidibid.
Ourisia, Celmisia, three species of Chionochloa and both Olearia lacunosa and O. colensoi were a grand sight for someone who has spent most of the recent past in the lowlands, but the prize of the day has to go to Pittosporum rigidum, a green blob of a bush with hardly any distinguishing features and so unlike all the plants around it that it by default formed a distinctive part of the plantscape.
All those plants, only a bit of cloud to get in the way of the views from the ranges and great company in the hills – we all remember days like that and they keep us going when we are back in town, plotting the next foray!
Tony Silbery
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